AliceS Adventures In Wonderland And The Island Of Dr. Moreau Essay Example For Students

AliceS Adventures In Wonderland And The Island Of Dr. Moreau Essay AliceS Adventures In Wonderland And The Island Of Dr. MoreauAs we read Alices Adventures in Wonderland and The Island of Dr. Moreau, we go into two remarkable universes of creative mind. Both Lewis Carroll and H.G. Wells portray grounds of interest and puzzle. We follow Alice and Pren*censored* into two distinct universes where creatures talk, advancement is tried, and the truth is bowed until it almost breaks. It is the driving forces of Lewis Carroll and H.G. Wells that take these universes of imagination and make them sensible. How do these two incredible creators make the inconceivable trustworthy? Both Alices Adventures in Wonderland and The Island of Dr. Moreau drift in the middle of a fantasy world and reality, which causes the genuine to appear to be inconceivable and the fantastic appear to be genuine. In H.G. Wellss The Island of Dr. Moreau, we see directly from the earliest starting point that creative mind and the truth are mixed together to make a quality of disarray. In the presentation we are informed that Pren*censored* vanished for eleven months. At the point when he was discovered, he recounted to a story that nobody would accept. ?He gave such an odd record of himself that he was assumed maniacal (pg. 1).? So directly from the earliest starting point we don't have the foggiest idea what to accept. Later in the story, Pren*censored* is gotten by the Ipecacuanha. On this boat there are disfigured and bizarre men riding with Montgomery. ?He was, I could see, a misshappen man, short, expansive and ungainly, with a screwy back, a furry neck and a head sunk between his shoulders (pg. 10).? This is the principal picture we get of the deformations from the island. During this time on the Ipecacuanha, Pren*censored* is frail from weariness and in a mess, which adds to our disarray . It is later in the story, where reality truly gets distorted. Initially, Pren*censored* is bolted out of the inward rooms of the fenced in area, in light of their ?little insider facts.? Second, Pren*censored* ventures into the forested areas to escape from the jaguars crying. It is hear that he gets a decent glance at one of the disfigurements just because. ?At that point I saw it was a man, going down on the ground like a monster! (pg. 38).? It is this sight sends Pren*censored*?s creative mind wild. ?The shrubbery about me got changed to my creative mind. Each shadow became something in excess of a shadow, turned into a snare, each stir turned into a danger. Imperceptible things appeared watching me (pg. 39).? It is these feelings of Pren*censored*s that cause the mind boggling to appear to be genuine. He has gone from a normal man with certain investigations in science to a man who fears the shadows and sees men stroll down on the ground. The fantasy condition of everything ri ght now keeps us accepting that the sky is the limit. This is a similar procedure that Lewis Carroll utilizes in Alices Adventures in Wonderland. The story starts with Alice getting drained, which infers that she is nodding off and going to enter the awesome universe of dreams. Quickly, she sees a white bunny in a petticoat. This puts the peruser straightforwardly into the universe of imagination and creative mind. It is Carrolls utilization of clarifications that causes this mind blowing world to appear to be genuine. Regardless of how bizarre something shows up it has a significance and an explanation. At the point when the Mock Turtle is recounting to his account of school, he says, the ace was an old Turtle?we used to call him Tortoise. ?For what reason did you call him Tortoise, in the event that he wasnt one? asked Alice. ?We called him Tortoise since he showed us, said the Mock Turtle irately. ?Truly you are dull. (pg. 91).? It is this kind of clarification that encourages th e peruser to accept the story. Alice is alluded to as dull for not seeing, so the peruser acknowledges the clarification all together not to be dull. Another case of this is when Alice meets the Cheshire-Cat. The feline reveals to her the path to the Hatter and the March Hare, yet includes that ?theyre both distraught.? Alice answers that ?I dont need to go among frantic individuals.? The Cat at that point gives the clarification. Goodness, you cannot support that, said the Cat: ?were all frantic here. Im frantic. Youre distraught. ?How would you know Im frantic? said Alice. ?You should be, said the Cat, ?or you wouldnt have come here. (pg. 65)? The Cat at that point proceeds to clarify why he is frantic. In any case, said the Cat, ?a pooches not distraught. You award that? ?I assume along these lines, said Alice. ?All things considered, at that point, the Cat went on, ?you see a pooch snarls when its irate, and sways its tail when its satisfied. Presently I snarl when Im satisfied, and sway my tail when Im irate. Consequently Im distraught. (pg. 65-66)? This clarification shows how this mind blowing world can appear to be genuine. Everything has an explanation. Everything has a reason. .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .postImageUrl , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:hover , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:visited , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:active { border:0!important; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:active , .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u46cb c52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u46cbc52dd9e4fb17b8b96a98af1dafb9:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Biotechnology Position Paper EssayThese two books cause the genuine to appear to be stunning and the unbelievable appear to be genuine essentially by mixing the two universes of the real world and creative mind. It is this fluffy line between the acceptable and the unfathomable that Lewis Carroll and H.G. Wells adventure to make their one of a kind dreamlands. BibliographyC.S. Lewis, Alice in Wonderland and throught the mirror. Theater Essays

Short Selling

Short undercutting selling is an act of selling an acquired security that the merchant doesn't really possess. Short venders are commonly wagering that the cost of security will go down, andâ assume that they will have the option to secure a specific benefit by purchasing the security at a lower cost than the cost at which they initially undercuts. Case of short undercutting merchant obtains the security for a given charge and undercuts it available for Rs 40000.If tomorrow the cost of security drops to Rs 38000, short dealer could repurchase it so as to restore the security and lock a benefit of 2000 (the value contrast somewhere in the range of 40000 and 38000), less the getting expense. Islamic Point of View Short selling is denied (Haram) from the Shariah viewpoint. Shariah researchers found a few explanations for which, short selling is considered haram, and the reasons are as per the following:- 1-selling something you doesn’t own:- In Islamic exchanges; to sell somethi ng you should initially have the responsibility for is being sold or the subject of the sale.Therefore so as to sell a security, the security must be claimed by the vender and not acquired †which is the situation in short selling. 2-Riba:- Short selling is related with the traditional obtaining and loaning arrangement of protections which incorporates a progression of intrigue based charges for administrations, and intrigued installments on acquired protections. What's more, as we as a whole know, charging enthusiasm on administrations and acquired protections is considered as Riba. 3-Speculation: †Since short venders are keeping an eye out for vacillations in the business sectors, to sell the offer at a more significant expense and repurchase it at a lower cost and pocket the difference.Speculation has been seen contrarily because of its likeness with betting. 4-Gharar/Ghobun :- there is vulnerability in the agreement and the purchaser is likewise misdirected. 5-unreasona ble deeds Hamish Jiddiya Token cash, down paymentâ by a partyâ intending to buy certain merchandise who wishes to affirm the goal to do as such by paying an add up to the vender as token cash or up front installment to make sure about the products. Hamish Jiddiya is a security given for a guarantee to purchase.If the purchaser isn't continuing to buy, the vender can request pay for the real harm, if the insurance is higher, the purchaser gets a sum back, if the real harm is higher, the merchant can request extra pay over the insurance. Arba’un The term Arba’un implies a measure of cash that the client as buy orderer pays to the Bank in the wake of finishing up the Murabahah deal, with the arrangement that if the deal is finished during a recommended period, the sum will be considered piece of the price.If the client neglects to execute the Murabahah deal, at that point the Bank may hold the entire sum. Waqf A Wakf is a genuine and lasting devotion of property with su ggested detainment in the responsibility for in such a way, that the property of the proprietor might be stifled and its benefits may return to or be applied to serve humankind aside from purposes disallowed by Islam. Instances of Waqf Land and Buildings: at least one people give Cash as waqf to buy land and structures, e. g. a little shopping complex.Once the complex is bought, the property might be named a waqf property and waqf rules apply. The property may not be sold (but to supplant), be skilled, or acquired. The property stays unblemished and may not be spent. The rental pay that is created by the complex might be utilized for any shari'ah agreeable reason. Legitimate agreement The cure of explicit execution surmises the presence of a substantial agreement between the gatherings to the contention. The details of the agreement must be unequivocal and certain.This is huge in light of the fact that value can't be relied upon to uphold either an invalid agreement or one that is s o unclear in its terms that value can't decide precisely what it must request each gathering to perform. It would be out of line for a court to constrain the exhibition of an agreement as indicated by uncertain terms deciphered by the court, since the court may mistakenly arrange what the gatherings never expected or pondered. Model A mortgage holder (who is beyond 18 a years old of sound psyche) marked an agreement with the apparatus store to purchase a refrigerator.The property holder pays for the fridge and the machine store presents the cooler for the property holder to bring home. Void agreement A void agreement isn't an agreement and has no impact in a courtroom and can't be upheld in an official courtroom. Most generally, a void agreement will be missing one or the entirety of the basic components required for a legitimate agreement. Neither one of the parties needs to make a move to end it, since it was never an agreement in any case. Model An agreement that was between an u nlawful street pharmacist and an illicit medication provider to buy a predefined measure of medications for a predetermined amount.Either one of the gatherings could void the agreement since there is no legal goal and henceforth missing one of the components of a substantial agreement. Voidable Contracts A voidable agreement is an agreement, which may give off an impression of being substantial, and has the entirety of the fundamental components to be enforceable, yet has some kind of imperfection, which could make either of the gatherings void the agreement. The agreement is lawfully official, however could get void. In the event that there is a harmed party included, the harmed party or the cheated must make a move, in any case the agreement is viewed as legitimate. ExampleA contract went into with a minor could be voidable. Bai Tawliyah Bai Tawliyah Is a deal and repurchase understanding, is a kind of Islamic fund that is a financial action that is harmonious with Shariah, which are the standards of Islamic law. Bai Tawliyah is a piece of Islamic money, for example, a Muslim home loan, where there is exchange of purchasing and selling between the client and the budgetary foundation. The money related establishment, or the lender, will buy a benefit from a client and the value that they pay for the advantage will be dispensed by the terms that the budgetary organization lays out.Because of this the advantage that is bought is one that the installments are conceded and the value paid will be done as such in portions. The second deal in this kind of Islamic account is done as such so as to make the client obliged to the budgetary organization. Commutative agreements Commutative agreements are those in which what is done, given, or guaranteed by one gathering is viewed as same as the other or in light of what is done, given or guaranteed by the other. An agreement of offer is a case of a commutative contract.Put in a basic structure, commutative agreements are contracts where the contracting parties give and get something comparative or a proportional. An Example is a deal at under 66% of the worth. Non-Commutative agreement A non-compensatory contract in which a property is given by one gathering to another against no thought. The benefactor moves responsibility for property to the done liberated from any dedication or commitment. Refrences http://www. ukessays. com/articles/financial matters/short-selling. php http://jazaa. rg/information focus/islamic-account phrasing/h/hamish-jiddiyah/http://www. almustafatrust. organization/content/Donate/Islamic/types/waqf. htm http://legitimate word reference. thefreedictionary. com/Valid+Contract http://www. trainagents. com/DesktopModules/EngageCampus/CourseContent. aspx? ModuleType=StudentMyCourses;CrsPageType=Topic;CourseRecordID=107;LessonRecordID=1372;TopicRecordID=24861;Demo=True http://definitions. uslegal. com/c/commutative-contracts/http://majdbakir. com/islamic-money/n/noncommutative-con tract. html

Amount of Alcohol in a Standard Alcoholic Drink

Amount of Alcohol in a Standard Alcoholic Drink More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery If you want to make sure you are not exceeding the recommended guidelines for safe alcohol consumption, it helps to know what a standard drink is. In the United States, a standard drink is an alcoholic beverage that contains 14 grams of pure alcohol. In a practical sense, that is 0.6 fluid ounces of pure alcohol, which is about 1.2 tablespoons. Alcoholic beverages are not pure alcohol, so a standard drink is usually more than 0.6 fluid ounces. One Standard Drink Alcoholic beverages contain alcohol, as well as water and other ingredients, and there is a difference in the alcohol content between beer, wine, and hard liquor. The equivalent of one standard drink is calculated based on the percentage of alcohol in the drink.?? Beer/wine coolers: Beer and wine coolers are typically five percent alcohol. A standard drink is 12 fluid ounces.Malt liquor: Malt liquor is approximately 7 percent alcohol, and a standard drink is eight to nine fluid ounces.Cider: Cider is about 6 percent alcohol, and a standard drink is about 10 fluid ounces.Wine: Table wine is 12 percent alcohol, making five fluid ounces a standard drink of wine. Fortified wines, such as sherry or port, are stronger, and a standard drink is three to four fluid ounces.Spirits and liqueur: Spirits are typically 80 proof, which means that they contain 40 percent alcohol, while liqueur typically contains less alcohol. A standard drink of whiskey, gin, vodka, or brandy is one and a half fluid ounces, while a standard drink of liqueur, cordial or aperitif is two to three fluid ounces. Spirits and liqueur are often served in smaller glasses than wine or beer. A shot is typically filled to about one and a half ounces, which is the equivalent of a standard drink. Sometimes, different brands of alcoholic beverages vary in their actual alcohol content, so, while the examples are pretty close to what you should expect, you should check the label to know the exact percentage of alcohol content. Standard Drinks per Bottle When you purchase beverages in their containers, rather than in a cup or glass, you will have more than one standard drink in a container. Whether you plan to share among a group, drink by yourself, finish the bottle all at once, or drink it on several different occasions, it is helpful to know how many drinks there are in a container of alcohol. Beer: There is one standard drink in a regular 12-ounce  can or bottle of beer, and there are one and a half standard drinks in a 16-ounce tall boy. Another container, referred to as a 40s, is made up of 40 ounces of beer, which is the equivalent of three and a half standard drinks.Malt Liquor: Malt liquor contains more alcohol than regular beer. A 12-ounce  can or bottle of malt liquor contains one and a half standard drinks and a 40-ounce container of malt liquor contains four and a half standard drinks.Wine: A 750 ml wine bottle contains at least five standard drinks. A bottle of fortified wine, such as sherry or port, contains almost eight standard drinks.Hard Liquor: A half pint of hard liquor contains four and a half drinks, and one pint contains eight and a half drinks. A fifth (750 ml) contains 17 standard drinks. Its Important to Know What a Standard Drink Is Alcohol consumption puts you at risk of intoxication, which can result in accidents, impaired judgment, or problems such as blacking out, passing out, or alcohol withdrawal.?? Each person has a different response to alcohol, which is dependent on body weight, and metabolism. Drinking many drinks in a short period of time, or drinking when you havent eaten can make you absorb more alcohol in your system, increasing its effects. It is important to recognize what a standard drink is and keep track of how much you drink. Drinking five or more drinks for males, and four or more drinks for females on the same occasion is defined as binge drinking. Heavy alcohol use  is defined as drinking five or more drinks for males, and four or more drinks for females on the same occasion on each of five or more days within a month. If you regularly drink more than the recommended guidelines you may have an alcohol use disorder, and you are also at increased risk of developing health problems due to your alcohol consumption.?? Facts About Alcohol Abuse, Misuse, and Alcoholism

The Significance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde

According to Barbara Tuchman, â€Å"satire is a wrapping of exaggeration around a core of society.† Satire exposes the absurdity embedded in society through exaggerated extremes of social norms. Satire is the hyperbolic expressions of absurdity, which provides clarity through sarcasm and offensive exaggerations to project a society’s ethics. In Oscar Wilde’s play, The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde exposes the absurdity of Victorian aristocratic social propriety. Wilde utilizes numerous ironic puns and sarcasm in order to satirize Victorian social responsibilities concerned with marriage, social masking, and education. Wilde’s play explores the notion of social responsibility within aristocratic life via the character’s dialogue on†¦show more content†¦Lady Bracknell’s interest in Jack’s money and reputation is similar to real aristocratic interest. Also, marriages in Victorian society are dictated by the parents choice in spouse. When Gwendolen tells her mother that she is engaged to Jack, Lady Bracknell is taken aback by the information and sternly states, â€Å" Pardon me, you are not engaged to anyone. When you do become engaged to one, I, or your father, †¦ will inform you of the fact† (Wilde 7). Through Lady Bracknell’s opposition to Gwendolen’s engagement, Wilde is able to show the audience how Victorian elite marriages are arranged so both families are mutually benefitted by each other s wealth and status. Parents of wealthy families chose their children’s spouse according to the spouses prestige and wealth in order to increment or sustain their own monetary funds and influence within society. Marriages in Victorian society are used a majority of the time as business propositions for selfish aristocratic reasons, not to celebrate two lover’s unification. Furthermore, Wilde exposes the duplicity of Victorian social life through the neologism â€Å"bunbu ry† and the name â€Å"Ernest† to attack aristocratic social responsibility and exhibit the importance of titles within the society. Social masking is used by the wealthy to allow themselves to be dismissed of social responsibility momentarily. When Jack and Algernon were engaged in the conversation regarding marriage, Algernon introduces Wilde’s neologism â€Å"bunbury†.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest Satire Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesMaverick Yabut Professor Tina Regan ENGL 200 June 18, 2017 Satire in the Importance of Being Earnest Introduction Throughout Oscar Wilde’s play â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Oscar Wilde routinely uses satire throughout the story amongst character dialogue and actions to scorn the Victorian society audience. Oscar uses satire to mock love, and the concept of marriage as well as the Victorian-aristocratic class system and society mentality. The play is described as â€Å"A trivial comedy for seriousRead MoreCharacterization in the Importance of Being Earnest987 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Being Earnest Among Oscar Wilde’s varied works, a prominent place has been assumed by a notoriously humorous play The Importance of Being Earnest. Such has been the play’s popularity to this day that countless efforts have been retaken so as to adapting it for modern age due to its scintillating language and the author’s surpassing skill at creating immortal characters. In the attempt to spell out the importance of characterization we shall look at how Oscar Wilde carefully mastersRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde: Algernon Montcrieff - A Character Analysis1333 Words   |  6 PagesIt is a well known phenomenon that many authors lives are reflected through a character in their work. In Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, the double life, or double identity, can be seen as the central metaphor in the play, epitomized in Algernons creation of Bunbury or Bunburying. As this term is the only fictitious word employed throughout the text, it is crucial to critically analyze not only its use and implications, but more importantly, the character who coins the term;Read MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1750 Words   |  7 PagesSymbols in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest written by Oscar Wilde takes place in 1895 and exposes the hypocritical social expectations of the end of the Victorian era. During the Victorian period, marriage was about protecting your resources and keeping socially unacceptable impulses under control. The play undeniable reveals and focuses satire around differences between the behaviors of the upper class and that of the lower class. Oscar Wilde uses comedic symbolism ofRead More The Double Life in The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde1347 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest appears to be a conventional 19th century farce. False identities, prohibited engagements, domineering mothers, lost children are typical of almost every farce. However, this is only on the surface in Wildes play. His parody works at two levels- on the one hand he ridicules the manners of the high society and on the other he satirises the human condition in general. The characters in The Importance of Being Earnest assume falseRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde913 Words   |  4 Pagesuntil they feel insulted, mostly due to the fact that humans don’t acknowledge their lifestyle flaws until others make them known. This concept has come to be the brick and mortar of the wry play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde The significance of the notion of being earnest is contradicted in the play, through Wilde’s clever use of words, characters digression of societal normalcy, and triviality of Victorian concepts. Cynical character Algernon asserts that women of Victorian societyRead MoreThe Double Life in the Importa1372 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest appears to be a conventional 19th century farce. False identities, prohibited engagements, domineering mothers, lost children are typical of almost every farce. However, this is only on the surface in Wilde#8217;s play. His parody works at two levels- on the one hand he ridicules the manners of the high society and on the other he satirises the human condition in general. The characters in The Importance of Being Earnest assumeRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1674 Words   |  7 Pages An example of literature that reflects the queer phenomenon publically is presented in Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†. Besides the scenes where Algernon is shown eating muffins and cucumbers, to represent his inability to make a decision between men and women, there is an underlying theme of secrets and things that are kept hidden. The concept of bunburying was used as a coping method to de al with the pressure of societal standards. In order to save face and not look badRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy of manners in which Oscar Wilde satirizes the way in which the people of the Victorian Era act. The play itself follows Algernon Moncrieff and Jack Worthing, and their quest to get acquainted with their future fiancà ©es, Cecily Cardew and Gwendolen Fairfax. Additionally, Wilde wrote the play during the aestheticism movement, which promoted the creation of art for art’s sake. Through the use of humor, irony, and sarcasm, Wilde highlights the artificialityRead MoreOscar Wilde’S The Importance Of Being Earnest Was Written1600 Words   |  7 PagesOscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest was written during the Modernism movement. Modernism was a literary movement that pushed back against the movement previously: Victorian/Realism. Wilde suggests that keeping up appearances was so significant during the Victorian ages that men engaged in bunburying: the idea that people take on a different persona, whether real or imagined, as an escape from their current life or in order to portray themselves in a better light. Wilde uses satirical

Dostoyevsky ‘Notes from Underground’ Critique Essay

â€Å"Notes from Underground† was published in 1864 as a feature presentation of his first 1860 issue â€Å"The Epoch†. â€Å"Notes from Underground† was written by the author during a time when he faced many challenges in his life. Dostoyevsky faced failure in the publishing of his first journal â€Å"Time†, his financial position was becoming weaker and embarrassing. Moreover, his wife was dying and his conservatism was eroded leading to a decline in his popularity with the liberal reading Russians and consequently, he became the focus of attack by the radical and liberal press (Fanger 3). Therefore, this research seeks to find how the author presents the aspect of â€Å"underground man† and how he approached Charles Darwin’s thoughts of man in â€Å"Origin of the†¦show more content†¦By the time the author had completed writing â€Å"Notes from Underground† the society had moved to liberalism and abandoned reasoning and en lightenment (Frank 35). This is clearly represented in this novel since by the end, as the author concluded that there was more to man than enlightenment and reasoning. The underground man is an educated, literate, forty year old financially stable man, who, lives in a modern society. As the novel progresses, the underground man remembers the days he used to work without any affection. The man lives now alone in a place described as unattractive where he is completely cut off from friends and family (Fanger 5). This situation provides an indication of the troubles underground man is going through for they do not arise from work, money problems or the lack of social interaction opportunities. This man has money, is educated and has plenty of social interaction opportunities but he’d rather remain in his solitude, Dostoevsky shows that in all respect the man has reached enlightenment (Frank 36). The problems of underground man are all concerned with what is happening to him from the inside. This man is suffering from a disease that arises from his lack of feeling completely healthy. Though the novel has depicted many medical discussions on doctors, liver problems, medicines, the real disease is emotional distress. The entire first section of the book is about how emotionally troubled the undergroundShow MoreRelatedEnglish Literature- an Episode in the Life of an Author5918 Words   |  24 Pagesirrational universe. Jean Paul Sartre’s â€Å"no exit† Presents three people locked into a situation from which there is no escape and who eventually realize that â€Å"hell is other people.† Existentialism and absurd theater present alienation-The loss of sustaining religious belief. -The sense of anxiety and guilt. -The growing conviction that life was at bottom meaningless. Central to the existentialism. Critique of the traditional idea that within each individual has an â€Å"essence† A universal, defining characteristics

Rich World Poor World Free Essays

Debt is made when one party owes party money (Sofas, 2005). Just like people, governments of both developed and developing nations borrow money in order to function well and to maintain their economies (George, 1994). Debt is the economic mode that promotes economic activity in the global market (Lombard, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Rich World Poor World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The acquisition of debt comes through loans, grants and aid that are provided to developed and developing nations by multilateral creditors and bilateral lenders George, 1994). These creditors are international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (MIFF), the World Bank (WEB) and other banking institutions (Millet Toasting, 2004). The international community with their neo-liberal approach and capitalist notions of eradicating poverty was through, economic growth and development (Schaeffer, 2009). Due to increased profits (petrol-dollars) made off increased oil prices developing countries were encouraged and some even coerced to borrow money from developed nations in the sass’s and sass (George, 1994). Although their profits were invested in Western banks it did not yield impressive returns thus encouraging the global South to acquire debt (George, 1994). The global South grasped the opportunity and borrowed money to advance their infrastructure (roads and dams) and also fund industrial projects in their countries Airman, 2006). Some countries even borrowed more money what they needed. So keen the developed nations were to borrow money that they disregarded any moral and ethical standards they might have had, and granted loans knowingly, to corrupt governments and military regimes (George, 1994). Unfortunately like everything else this spending spree did not last and came to a sudden halt in the sass’s, which even left the United States economy in a recession (Study Guide, 2012). Developing countries had borrowed so much money that domestic currency and macro- economies collapsed, paralyzing everything Airman, 2006). This created the first international debt crisis of the inalienable era (George, 1994). When Mexico announced their inability to make debt repayments in 1982, it shocked the financial community (Ambition, 2004). The impact of the debt crisis affected the entire global racket, causing interests to rise, commodity prices to fall, and income earnings to fall (Lombard, 2004). All this eventually made it difficult for developing nations to make debt repayments. The Western nations acted quickly and gained control of their economy and for them the debt crisis was soon over (George, 1994). Unfortunately the debt crisis and the nightmare for the poor developing countries were far from being. In fact it had only Just begun when they found themselves faced with much bigger debt than they initially acquired this despite having made repayments since the sass’s (George, 1994). Even though Mexico was the first to default on their debt panic (Lombard, 2004). Growing concerns for the financial stability of the lending institutions, major creditors, and international financial institutions, sought new strategies to address the lending criteria in order to bring debt relief (Millet ; Toasting, 2004). This resulted in the implementation of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiatives (HIP), and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives, under the supervision of the World Bank and the International Monetary fund (Sofas, 2005). According to the MIFF and the World Bank these organizations were the answer to the bet crisis (Sofas, 2005). The notion that the debt crisis is over, is purely a myth and we will see. This essay will reveal the causes and impacts that resulted from these debt relief organizations, and incinerate the myth of the debt crisis having been addressed. The debt crisis affected the lives and dreams of many people living in developing countries Airman, 2006). Debt is nothing new but as the debt crisis grew the gap between the rich and poor widened Airman, 2006). A country debt is not just measured by the size of their particular debt, but also clearly how it impacts or effects that nation’s economy Airman, 2006). A country GAP (gross domestic product) per capita is also a clear indication of a countries capacity to not only service their debt, but to also ensure that the health and well-being of their citizens are met (George, 1994). If this does not happen then clearly there is a problem, not Just a financial one but a humanitarian one (George, 1994). This was the result for many poor developing countries that led to the debt crisis Airman, 2006). But it was not only developing nations that had debt, United States is the world’s biggest debtor tit $6 trillion being owed at 2002 Airman, 2006). The total debt owed by developing nations in the world came to 2. 5 trillion dollars in 1999 Airman, 2006). In Nicaragua (Latin America) their debt repayments in 2004 consumed 43% of their total earnings Airman, 2006). Many commentators argued that the debt crisis was also due to irresponsible lending by the Western Nations (Millet ; Toasting, 2004). Like the Bhutan nuclear power station in the Philippines, that was built on a volcano in 1974 Airman, 2006). A clear indication where misleading advice caused poor developing overspent to make wrong decisions Airman, 2006). A nuclear power plant that had never ever been used, but a debt that was incurred with interest are expected to still be repaid Airman, 2006). What exploitation of the poor! The Jubilee 2000 (social justice group) lobby’s that debt crisis be recognized and that unjust debt like the Philippines be cancelled Airman, 2006). They argued that poor countries cannot afford to make repayments without meeting the basic needs (education, food, healthcare) of their citizens (Cheer, 2002). They maintain that debt was conducted on unfair terms and contracted illegally (Cheer, 2002). Jubilee argues that all debts be forgiven because it perpetuates a balance of power Voluble Debt Campaign, 2007). The solution for the debt crisis was restructuring the debt of developing and developed countries (Millet Toasting, 2004). The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank formed Structural Adjustments Programmed (SAPS), to provide debt relief and bring it to sustainable levels in order to maintain repayments (Millet Toasting, 2004). SAP’s were conditionality’s set up specifically for poor developing countries to meet their debt repayment obligations (Cheer, 2002). They squired that poor developing countries raise interest rates, cut government barriers on trade, increase their export production and even cancelled subsides on local food production and healthcare (Cheer, 2002). This was met with criticism and caused outrage in the world. Critics argued that the West used controlling measures to control the economic policies in the poor developing counters Voluble, 2000). When Jamaica signed up with the MIFF and SAP conditionality’s, they experienced catastrophic impacts Airman, 2006). Social service spending dropped 50% between 1980 and 1986, unemployment rose, living conditions deteriorated, infant illumination, poverty levels increased and even school pass rate dropped by 50% Airman, 20060) Not only poor developing countries had conditionality’s imposed but even developed nations like New Zealand experienced the wrath of the Miff’s Airman, 2006) SAP’s were abandoned and the MIFF and World Bank launched the Highly Indebted Poor countries Initiative (HIP) in 1996 (Cheer, 2002). The HIP was implemented to act as an international relief mechanism, in order to reduce bilateral, multilateral and commercial debt to a â€Å"sustainable level† in poor developing counties (Cannot Mammogram, 2009). The principle objective was to reduce debt burdens and to ensure that no poor country through restructuring was compromised, that would cause them to default on their debt repayments (Cannot Mammogram, 2009). In other words, their mission was to assist to a certain point and then ensure that the creditors and lenders still got their money! Just like the SAP’s, the Hip’s initiative came with conditionality’s (Cohen, 2000). The eligibility criteria required that a country be very poor, have no unsustainable debt burden and have a reformed policies track record, all under the guidance of the MIFF and the World Bank, of course (Cohen, 2000). This eligibility process was further imposed with more conditionality’s until a country came to the â€Å"completion point† (George, 1994). The HIP was met with criticism because only 30 countries benefited under the HIP intuitive, and that the eligibility process took too long causing further danger to poor developing countries (Cohen, 2000). The â€Å"one size fits all† notion was unfortunately not working, because they failed to address the real issues of the inability of countries being able to provide for the basic needs of their citizens Airman, 2006). Jubilee activists pressured the MIFF and the World Bank with a petition at the 68, with the mission to write off all debt completely (Cohen, 2000). The enhanced HIP initiative was then launched and implemented. The enhanced HIP initiative was to provide stronger, faster, deeper and broader debt relief (Cohen, 2000). The 67 and bilateral creditors promised 100% debt relief for highly indebted poor countries (Cohen, 2000). This was unfortunately empty promises. Further protests and pressure to â€Å"drop the debt† led to Millennium Development Goals (MEG) being launched in 2000, as a benchmark for measuring the reduction of poverty (Sofas, 005). Meg’s were goals set to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty, to achieve universal education, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve material health, combat HIVE/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development (Sofas, 2005). In conjunction to this the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MIDI) was launched in 2005 at the â€Å"Make Poverty History campaign in the UK (Sofas, 2005). MIDI was about granting debt relief and their requirement was Although many countries benefited from debt relief, only 23 countries reached implosion point and 10 reached the decision point. The HIP initially promised to cancel $63. 4 billion, but only $45. 4 billion delivered in April 2008 Airman, 2006). In April 2008 MIDI promised $50 billion cancellation, but cancellation delivered only $42. Billion Airman, 2006). All this structures and organizations that were set in place only looked to help poor developing countries on a superficial level (Cheer, 2002). The impacts of the debt crisis led to devaluation of local county currencies as inflation increased. Import costs rose, debts increased proportionally and there were he rise in export (Cheer, 2002). Employment opportunities were not enough to offset these losses. Poor dev eloping countries made loans on the notion that their export taxes would be able to repay or maintain their loans (Cheer, 2002). Government’s commitment to pay their debt came with conditionality’s that exhausted their economies, unemployment increased due to income and living standards declined. When health care and food subsidies were cancelled by international creditors it forced food prices to soar causing families not able to feed themselves. This led to malnutrition and poor health. According to Jubilee Campaign (2000) Just like debt, Aids is a ‘killer† and although sickness and diseases adversely affected men, it hurt both women and children (Cheer, 2002). The burden of meeting their debt repayments caused some to compromise on the health status of their citizens (Cheer, 2002). South Africa has the largest HIVE/Lads infected population 4. 2 million) more than 12% of its people and this affects their employment market (Cheer, 2002). A health crisis that caused the health of lawyers, doctors, ordinary workers and teachers unable to be active in their Job market, further affecting the countries social economy (Cheer, 2002). Teachers that had HIVE/AIDS are unable to work, then unable to buy medication which ultimately leads to ill-health and even death (Cheer, 2002). Disease, epidemics and pandemics places a huge burden on a countries health sector (Cheer, 2002). Children from these families suffered too because when one parent was affected some were kept home so the other could go work. If both suffered from Hides it often left children orphaned (Cheer, 2002). Girls in unemployed families were often kept home, while boys were sent to school because the cost of education was too dear. This increases the gender inequality in developing countries (Cheer, 2002). Due to unemployment, rise in prices and taxes most people in developing countries were living well below the poverty line (Thrall, 2008). According to Thrall (2008), the economic and social development of the world’s poorest countries is perhaps the greatest challenge facing society at the present moment (Thrall, 2008). Over 1 billion of the 6 billion populations live in absolute poverty and suffering malnutrition (Cheer, 2002). The MIFF and the World Bank entrapped highly indebted poor countries with foreign debt that far exceeded heir entire national yearly income (Cheer, 2002). In 2000, the debt repayments of sub-Sahara African countries were about 38% of their individual country budgets (Cheer, 2002). This is unreal and even immoral, that a country earnings through import and export, is overshadowed by an unbearable burden of debt repayments (Cheer, 2002). When debt repayments affects the basic needs of any country, and a country is unable to maintain their social obligations of providing health, education by the window society survival is really slim. Hughes (1999) argues that debts hooked not be forgiven because the debt crisis is the developing nations own fault. Corrupt governments caused their countries to be in this situations and conditionality’s are they only way to maintain control (Hughes, 1999). There are too many flaws in the so called economic model, and we have created a society where material gain supersedes moral and ethical commitments and standards. I believe an erosion of trust erupted, because of the exploitation of the poor by the rich colonists. The fallacy of promoting poverty reduction and debt relief had surfaced, ND exposed that the Western strategies was built on greed and power. So has the debt crisis been addressed, unfortunately not? If the international community is serious about the Hip and the MIDI initiatives then their design needs to be improved in favor of developing countries. The focus should be less on filling the coffers of the West but, instead maximize burden sharing. Have a heart and share in the burden of the developing nations by ensuring that projections are more realistic. The HIP and the MIDI could maybe become responsible for ensuring that the international community commit to reducing poverty and reach their millennium goals. The mission to transform societies, improve the lives of the poor, eradicate poverty, encourage and enforce the right to healthcare, education and economic growth, is what true development is all about. By completely writing off, deleting all foreign debt gives all countries an opportunity to start afresh. This then could be the start of bridging the gap between the wealthy West and the poor South. The creation of a new world order where there is no suffering and the right to live is not questioned, but encouraged, the way it should be. How to cite Rich World Poor World, Papers

Water Conservation free essay sample

With only 1% of water available for human consumption, doesnt it make sense that we should treat our water supply with more respect? Water conservation should not be considered an option any longer. Current circumstances require our full attention if we hope to thrive as a civilization. If these statements sound dramatic, it is because much of the world is currently suffering due to a lack of clean water. Importance of Conservation of Water / Stats Statistics around the reveal that our fresh water supply is practically nonexistent. That is why it is so important to seek out, find and start using all the innovative water conservation solutions and methods that are available today. Whether you live in Australia or China or the US, it is time to wake up and take responsibility. It is easy to practice water conservation in the home, but there is more to be done. Our world needs help on a commercial level as well so that our waste can be controlled in such areas as agriculture and irrigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Conservation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Water Conservation ideas are cropping up in exciting legislation. Thats why our participation in the voting process is so important. Lets act now, so our kids will have a brighter, greener future. Demands are increasing every year for water while resources are becoming more and more limited. Since many individuals are unaware (or, sadly, Just dont care) that this issue needs attention, it is up to more informed and proactive individuals and companies to take up the slack. A increase is expected in water demand over the period of next two decades. The increase in water demand is a contribution of various factors including growing population, increased agricultural needs, industrial use of water and water needed for electricity production. The problem of water waste is severe in countries where people are using the same inefficient methods for irrigation of agricultural land. Water needs are increasing every year and the proven fact is that clean water is not available to 1 out of 5 people on earth. Solutions are clearly needed. The increased demand in water combined with the pollution of water has had many adverse effects on the environment, growth and economy of many countries. Importance of Conservation of Water / Consequences of Not Conserving Increased expenditures on pipeline development, sewage and other infrastructure Ђ Investment to build more dams to fulfill the water demands and increased electric supply Huge amounts of money going out every year for recycling, cleaning and purification of the water Large amounts of industrial pollutants dumped in the rivers which are responsible for destroying and upsetting the ecosystem of the whole planet Rising instances of erosion of land because of increased demand of agricultural land and irrigation Importance of Conservation of Water The problem of water is local as well as global. The resources of water on earth are limited and are reducing every year. Due to the effects of global warming the frequency of rain has become unpredictable. In some parts of world there is rain throughout the year, while in other parts individuals are suffering the consequences. Widespread dry spells are occurring over much of Europe and Asia, Canada, western and southern Africa, and eastern Australia. And in parts of the world where rainwater is available, major problems are still prevalent because of a lack of proper systems to clean the water. Pollutants like oil, cigarette butts and other impurities make the percentage of usable water practically nonexistent. Methods of water conservation must be implemented in these areas if our planet is to continue to sustain itself. The United Nations has predicted that by the next two decades there will be 17% more demand of water compared to resources available. The unpleasant fact is that the most people remain careless and do not recognize the importance of water conservation. Huge campaigns are conducted every year by many government organizations and NGOs to spread awareness of the importance of water conservation. As citizens of this planet it is our individual responsibility to take an active role in water conservation. The simple tasks we perform every day like gardening, tending to laundry, washing our cars, etc. are opportunities for us to make a difference. Change begins with us, and if we lead by example, others are more likely to follow. I sincerely believe the consciousness of the planet is changing. And even though some statistics may appear grim, other stats reveal a growing awareness. There has actually been a appliances. And this is due to companies meeting the demands of the public. Adopting an attitude of caring, and placing a premium on awareness is contagious. Try it, and you will see what I mean. Water Conservation Methods As the population of the world grows exponentially, our drinkable water supply remains at about 1 percent of the total water present on Earth. These statistics may not seem real to you if you are fortunate to live in an area that has the resources to supply your needs. But the truth is millions of living souls are suffering because of a lack of this vital resource. Water consumption, whether it be in the household, through industry and manufacturing or in agriculture, must be given the consideration it deserves. And although special programs are conducted every year to increase the awareness of onservation, we as citizens of this planet, need to participate in water conserving activities if we hope to sustain our way of life. Water Conservation Methods / For the Household Huge amounts of water are lost every year due to unattended faucet leaks, using outdated appliances, excessive clothes washing, showering, washing cars, gardening, and other everyday household activities.

Toothy and Toothsome

Toothy and Toothsome Toothy and Toothsome Toothy and Toothsome By Maeve Maddox A reader remarks on the use of toothsome in this headline at Discovery-dot-com: Crocodiles are fun-loving, finds a new study on the toothsome predators. Unless the writer thinks of crocodiles chiefly as the source of a tasty meal, a more appropriate word is toothy. Here are the usual definitions of toothsome and toothy: toothsome adjective: pleasant to the taste; palatable. Figuratively, â€Å"sexually attractive.† Examples of correct use of toothsome: A  toothsome  rich cheesecake awaits a lick of flame and a douse of brandy strawberries.  - Clementine Nicholson. If youre writing an article on how Julia Robertss starring role as Erin Brockovich transformed her image from  toothsome movie star  to serious actress, you dont want to have to wade through the hundreds of fan pages you’d find by just typing in â€Å"Julia Roberts.†Ã‚  - Writers’ Digest Books. toothy adjective: having numerous, large, or prominent teeth. Example of correct use of toothy: Even those who know nothing about [Teddy Roosevelt’s] presidency instantly recognize his image carved on Mount Rushmorehis huge, toothy smile [sic] and his wire-rimmed glasses- Digital History site, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Note: The glasses are evident on the Rushmore image, but Borglum did not sculpt TRs trademark toothy smile. Toothsome is not offered as a synonym for toothy in either the OED or M-W, but the Web abounds in examples of this mix-up, on both sides of the Atlantic: All hail our bespectacled and toothsome new footie messiah-Liverpool Football Club football manager- New Statesman (UK) (Photos show the person referred to (Jà ¼rgen Klopp, manager, Liverpool Football Club) smiling with Teddy Roosevelt brilliance.) But they [relationship problems] seemed to be imperceptible as she flashed a toothsome smile to onlookers.- Daily Mail (UK). Here is Teddy (since he has such a dazzling white smile, from here on out, he’ll be known as Toothsome Teddy).- Review of television show on a US entertainment site called Newnownext. I grinned at her and was rewarded with a toothsome smile before she hurried to the pickup and began pulling the broken crates out of the bed.- Sylvia Nobel, American novelist. Authors and reviewers of children’s books that feature crocodiles are especially prone to use toothsome to suggest a mouthful of teeth: Galdone, Paul. The Monkey and the Crocodile. That toothsome crocodile and wily monkey almost leap across the page as they try to outsmart one another. Sierra, Judy. Mind Your Manners, B.B. Wolf. His best friend, a  toothsome crocodile, warns him that he will have to mind his manners.   Bruenig, Mikkela. In a while, Crocodile. So he and Dennis take a trip into The Great Big Book of Everything to find out about the  toothsome crocodile! In each of these examples, the word should be toothy. Both toothsome and toothy date from the sixteenth century, but toothsome has not held up as well as toothy. The Ngram Viewer shows toothsome reaching its peak in 1900 and descending in a straight line since then. Toothy, on the other hand, doesn’t make much of a showing on the Viewer until 1960, when it shows a marked rise. M-W offers toothsome as a third meaning for toothy and gives this example: â€Å"the toothy morsel within- Manufacturing Confectioner.† Paper and cigars can be toothy. â€Å"Toothy paper† has a rough finish. A â€Å"toothy cigar† has bumps on the wrapper. In time, standard usage may come to accept â€Å"full of teeth† as an acceptable definition of toothsome. For the present, careful writers will reserve toothsome to mean tasty, palatable, or attractive and use toothy to describe crocodiles and smiles. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureDoes "Mr" Take a Period?10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt in Criminal Trials In the United States court system, the fair and impartial delivery of justice is based on two fundamental tenets: That all persons accused of crimes are considered to be innocent until proven guilty, and that their guilt must be proven â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt.† While the requirement that guilt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt is meant to protect the rights of Americans charged with crimes, it often leaves juries with the momentous task of answering the often subjective question - how much doubt is â€Å"reasonable doubt?† Constitutional Basis for Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, persons accused of crimes are protected from â€Å"conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.† The U.S. Supreme Court first acknowledged the concept in its decision on the 1880 case of Miles v. United States: â€Å"The evidence upon which a jury is justified in returning a verdict of guilty must be sufficient to produce a conviction of guilt, to the exclusion of all reasonable doubt.† While judges are required to instruct juries to apply the reasonable doubt standard, legal experts disagree on whether the jury should also be given a quantifiable definition of â€Å"reasonable doubt.† In the 1994 case of Victor v. Nebraska, the Supreme Court ruled that the reasonable doubt instructions given to juries must be clear, but declined to specify a standard set of such instructions. As a result of Victor v. Nebraska ruling, the various courts have created their own reasonable doubt instructions. For example, judges of the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals instruct juries that, â€Å"A reasonable doubt is a doubt based upon reason and common sense and is not based purely on speculation. It may arise from a careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence, or from lack of evidence.† Considering the Quality of Evidence As part of their â€Å"careful and impartial consideration† of evidence presented during the trial, jurors must also evaluate the quality of that evidence. While first-hand evidence such as eyewitness testimony, surveillance tapes, and DNA matching help eliminate doubts of guilt, jurors assume - and are typically reminded by defense attorneys - that witness may lie, photographic evidence can be faked, and DNA samples can become tainted or mishandled. Short of voluntary or legally-obtained confessions, most evidence is open to being challenged as invalid or circumstantial, thus helping to establish â€Å"reasonable doubt† in the minds of the jurors. Reasonable Does Not Mean All As in most other criminal courts, the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court also instructs jurors that proof beyond a reasonable doubt is a doubt that leaves them â€Å"firmly convinced† that the defendant is guilty. Perhaps most importantly, jurors in all courts are instructed that beyond a â€Å"reasonable† doubt does not mean beyond â€Å"all† doubt. As Ninth Circuit judges state it, â€Å"It is not required that the government (the prosecution) proves guilt beyond all possible doubt.† Finally, judges instruct jurors that after their â€Å"careful and impartial† consideration of the evidence they have seen, they are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant actually committed the crime as charged, it is their duty as jurors to find the defendant not guilty. Can Reasonable Be Quantified? Is it even possible to assign a definite numeric value to such a subjective, opinion-driven concept as reasonable doubt? Over the years, legal authorities have generally agreed that proof â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt† requires jurors to be at least 98% to 99% certain that the evidence proves the defendant to be guilty. This is in contrast to civil trials on lawsuits, in which a lower standard of proof, known as a â€Å"preponderance of the evidence† is required. In civil trials, a party might prevail with little as 51% probability that events involved actually occurred as claimed. This rather wide discrepancy in the standard of proof required can be best explained by the fact that persons found guilty in criminal trials face far more severe potential punishment - from jail time to death - compared to the monetary penalties typically involved in civil trials. In general, defendants in criminal trials are afforded more constitutionally-ensured protections than defendants in civil trials.   The Reasonable Person Element In criminal trials, jurors are often instructed to decide whether the defendant is guilty or not by applying an objective test in which the defendant’s actions are compared to those of a â€Å"reasonable person† acting under similar circumstances. Basically, would any other reasonable person have done the same things the defendant did? This â€Å"reasonable person† test is often applied in trials involving so-called â€Å"stand your ground† or â€Å"castle doctrine† laws that justify the use of deadly force in acts of self-defense. For example, would a reasonable person have also chosen to shoot his or her attacker under the same circumstances or not? Of course, such a â€Å"reasonable† person is little more than a fictional ideal based on the individual juror’s opinion of how a â€Å"typical† person, possessing ordinary knowledge and prudence, would act in certain circumstances. According to this standard, most jurors naturally tend to consider themselves to be reasonable people and thus judge the defendant’s conduct from a viewpoint of, â€Å"What would I have done?† Since the test of whether a person has acted as a reasonable person is an objective one, it does not take into account the particular abilities of the defendant. As a result, defendants who have shown a low level of intelligence or have habitually acted carelessly are held to the same standards of conduct as more intelligent or careful persons, or as the ancient legal principle holds, â€Å"Ignorance of the law excuses no one.† Why the Guilty Sometimes Go Free If all persons accused of crimes must be considered innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and that even the slightest degree of doubt can sway even a reasonable person’s opinion of a defendant’s guilt, doesn’t the American criminal justice system occasionally allow guilty people to go free? Indeed it does, but this is entirely by design. In crafting the various provisions of the Constitution protecting rights of the accused, the Framers felt it essential that America apply the same standard of justice expressed by renowned English jurist William Blackstone in his often-cited 1760s work, Commentaries on the Laws of England, â€Å"It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer.†

Easyjet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Easyjet - Essay Example However, there are several areas that may be pointed out where the aim and objective behind provision of this site is not being satisfied and its full potential is not being harnassed, thereby undermining the potential market that exists for easyjet services. One of the first aspects that easyjet needs to look into is the fact that its B2B link is not clearly visible on the home page. The home page is crammed with several links, of which the B2B link is so small that older viewers who need glasses or those with any kind of visual disability may completely miss the access point. As Jakob Nielsen (1999) points out in his book on designing a good website, simplicity is one of the most vital aspects of designing a website, because the design of a page forms the most visible part of the webpage (p 2). He recommends splitting the material into several pages, but ensuring that each page provides a solid amount of content in a simple, easily viewable form. From this perspective, if easyjet is targeting the business community through its website, then one of its first priorities should be to separate out some of the information on the home page into other pages. For example, the information on airport parking or To/from airport can be included within other pages. There are too many navigation links on this one home page, but the one relevant to the business company is in a very small font and is lost among the other links. Moreover this link is not bolstered with any kind of graphic enhancement at all, therefore first of all the access point must be made more visible and included in a larger font. If it is to stand out on the page, then the link must be bold and highlighted and can be placed separately on one side of the page. Another aspect that must be borne in mind when opening such a cluttered page is the fact that download time will be much more because there are so many links on the one page. This is why simplicity in the page design is of utmost

Increasing rate of HIV (see attachment) Assignment

Increasing rate of HIV (see attachment) - Assignment Example The venue chosen was considered to be private enough to offer a good chance for idea exchange amongst the youths. The place is also centrally situated and in an open area which would mean ease of access by those willing to attend. The area has limited traffic jam; this would reduce time wasted on the way to the venue on the material day. The designed flier will be distributed in schools, video dens, and local youth groups in the area, local social and recreational centers. These areas are considered to be major catchment areas of the target group. The main information which will be collected from the focus group discussion will be the number of youths who have undergone the medical male circumcision. It will also be an opportunity to find out whether the target group is aware of the benefits of this surgical procedure (Taylor, 2010). If they would wish to go for the procedure after the discussion, for those who will not be at that time circumcised, they will then be offered the service free of charge. As for the already circumcised, sharing their experience with the uncircumcised with the motive of encouraging them to go for it will be of great value. Those who shall attend the focus group discussion will have the opportunity of receiving free STI screening and treatment in case one if found to be suffering from any of the infections. There shall also be free refreshments for those in attendance. Few individuals will be chosen from the group to be the area ambassadors for the

Top Deck - The Magazine for Collectible Card Gamers :: Analysis Magazine Cards Essays

Top Deck - The Magazine for Collectible Card Gamers As a potential reader examines a shelf of magazines to buy, the reader will look for an eye-catching magazine that pertains to his or her interests. The magazine Top Deck targets an audience which ranges from pre-teenagers to mid-thirties readers who share interests such as collectible card games, RPG's (or roleplaying games), and fantasy related items. Although the main focus of the magazine is collectible card games, Top Deck attempts to also appeal to the other interests of collectible card gamers. Top Deck experiments with the layout of a normal magazine by expanding it and separating the magazine into two parts. One part of the magazine spotlights the trading card game Pokemon and the other has a majority of articles on the card game Magic: The Gathering. Depending on which portion of the magazine the reader is currently viewing, the other side of Top Deck is upside-down. Most readers would find this design strange and hard to read, but the readers of Top Deck seem to like the design. The design shows imagination and creativity, and these qualities are almost universal among collectible card gamers. It takes a good imagination to play with cards that neither talk nor move and alot of creativity to design a deck of Magic or Pokemon cards. Another thing that makes Top Deck so interesting to its audience is the sarcastic tone of writing that laces the sentences like arsenic. An article contained in the section called Top Disc, on E3 (Electronic Entertainment Expo) previews computer and console games that will be released for the rest of this year and possibly next year (35-45). The article is sometimes humorous to read as it tries to sum up entire games in a few sentences. When reviewing the game Quake III: Arena, Cory Herndon explains: "Point. Shoot. Die. Repeat." (35) Obviously, this is an over-simplistic comment, but it parallels the sarcastic tone of the magazine. The readers of Top Deck enjoy this style of writing because the readers themselves are sarcastic. Society today has been so serious about everything that sometimes it is refreshing to read something so totally causal and carefree. In the department called Box 707, Top Deck stretches sarcasm and humor to the limit (10*). This section is a letter section in which readers write in and someone from the magazine answers these letters. The letters are then printed within the Box 707 section of Top Deck.

Theories of Psychological Development

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of human changes across their life span. It is important to study psychological development to understand how and why people go through certain changes throughout their life. There are many different areas of psychological development. Two main areas are perceptual development and emotional development. They both have theories that can be related, but before you can understand the relations, you must first understand the two theories. The theory of perceptual development was created by an American Psychologist named Eleanor Gibson. It states that perceptual development is the process of an infant exploring its constantly changing environment and deciding what to do and how to act with the newly found information. Affordance exploration is also a key feature of perceptual development. Gibson believed that affordances are visual clues to the functions of an object. An example could be a person climbing a ladder. The infant could examine how the ladder needs to have a stable base and lean against a certain object to keep from falling down. When affordances are found, differentiation starts to occur. Gibson’s definition of differentiation is basically the ability to discriminate different environments. If you look back at the ladder example, the infant uses affordances to see the ladder needs support to stay upright. Then the infant uses differentiation to see a person is more safe standing in the middle step of a ladder than the top step. As the infant experiences more and ages, it becomes better at differentiation. Emotional development is based around a theory called the attachment theory which was created by a British psychiatrist named John Bowlby. The attachment theory is the act of developing an affectional bond with someone who is considered a caregiver (Bowlby’s definition was â€Å"a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†). It is crucial for a child’s behavior in the present and future to have an attachment relationship with a caregiver. Bowlby stated that for an attachment to be strong, four characteristics need to be present: proximity maintenance (the desire to be in the presence of the caregiver), safe haven (returning to the caregiver when feeling unsafe), secure base (considering the caregiver as a source of security) and separation distress (feeling anxious when the caregiver is not present for an extended period of time). Bowlby believed that strong attachment relationships develop after the caregiver and child become closer. Mary Ainsworth (a previous student of Bowlby) was an American Psychologist who believed that there are three types of attachments: secure, avoidant and resistant. A secure attachment is formed when the caregiver is used as a safe home and the infant feels less safe when the caregiver is absent than when they are present. An avoidant attachment is basically the opposite of a secure attachment. It is when the caregiver is considered a stranger by the child and they try to avoid the caregiver as much as possible to feel safer. A resistant attachment is a lot more complex than the other types of attachments. It occurs when the caregiver is unresponsive to the child’s needs making them feel unsure what they want or need which makes them feel unable to count on their caregiver. There are some relationships between the theory of perceptual development and the attachment theory. According to the two theories, both require a responsible caregiver for a child to have a proper and healthy development to be able to experience affordances and to have the right caregiver provide the environment to do it in. Also, your caregiver could be responsible for a child not learning certain affordances which could affect them in their future life. Another way to look at it is if a caregiver never provided the chance for the child to experience affordances related to a job that requires experience in, say, the construction industry, then they will struggle psychologically in the future to earn that job or any job that they may want. Perceptual and emotional development are both very important to a child’s psychological development. It is important to understand the two main theories behind them to learn what is required for a child to develop healthy and normally to live the life that they want to live.

Robo o extravió del pasaporte americano qué hacer

El robo o extravà ­o del pasaporte americano debe notificarse inmediatamente ya que no hacerlo puede ser origen de un gran nà ºmero de problemas. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo se notifica, lo cual se realiza distinta manera si su titular se encuentra en Estados Unidos o està ¡ en el extranjero. Tambià ©n se dan consejos sobre quà © hacer si existe una urgencia para obtener otro pasaporte, cà ³mo cuidarlo y cà ³mo acelerar el paso migratorio cuando se ingresa de nuevo a Estados Unidos. Y tambià ©n cà ³mo las deudas por pensià ³n de alimentos a hijos pueden dar lugar a que se cancele un pasaporte o a que no se tramite una solicitud. Cà ³mo notificar el robo o extravà ­o del pasaporte americano Si le roban su pasaporte americano, o si lo pierde, debe notificarlo inmediatamente de la siguiente manera: A la  Embajada o el consulado correspondiente, si el titular del pasaporte americano se encuentra en el extranjero.Si està ¡ en Estados Unidos, por telà ©fono marcando al 1-877-487-2778, de lunes a viernes de 8am a 10 pm hora de la costa Atlà ¡ntica (E.T.) o  rellenando el formulario DS-64 y envià ¡ndolo a la direccià ³n que en à ©l aparece. Ademà ¡s, si se desea obtener un nuevo pasaporte, entonces deberà ¡ acudir en persona con el formulario DS-64 y DS-11 a una Oficina Autorizada o a una Agencia de Pasaportes. Urgencia en el trà ¡mite del pasaporte americano Si se da cuenta de que ha extraviado o le han robado el pasaporte cuanto tiene un viaje inminente al extranjero, puede tramitar de urgencia que le entreguen un nuevo pasaporte americano. Si estuviese en el extranjero cuando tiene lugar el robo o la pà ©rdida, comunà ­quese directamente con la Embajada o el consulado americano mà ¡s cercano e indicar la naturaleza urgente de su peticià ³n. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que no hay pasaportes americanos en blanco en las oficinas consulares americanas para casos de urgencia. Pero pueden solventar el problema, si hay de verdad una urgencia, para que el ciudadano americano que se ha quedado sin pasaporte pueda regresar a Estados Unidos. De interà ©s: cà ³mo acelerar el paso por el control migratorio El pasaporte es el documento principal que pueden utilizar los ciudadanos americanos para ingresar y salir de los Estados Unidos. Es conveniente saber que a la hora de regresar al paà ­s existen diversos programas que permiten un cruce un mas rà ¡pido por el control de Inmigracià ³n en las fronteras de Estados Unidos. Cada uno tiene sus propios requisitos pero merece la pena conocerlos y estar familiarizados con ellos. Nexus:  para cruce entre Estados Unidos y Canadà ¡Global Entry  y  APC  en aeropuertosSENTRI para cruce terrestre o marà ­timo entre Mà ©xico y Canadà ¡. Consejos sobre cuidado de pasaporte y por quà © te lo pueden retirar Si pierde el pasaporte o se lo roban, notifà ­quelo inmediatamente, denuncie que ha sido objeto de un robo y guarde constancia de ello. Nunca se sabe en quà © manos puede acabar su pasaporte. Puede ser utilizado para un robo de identidad y dar inicio a un tremendo dolor de cabeza. Es una muy buena idea tener fotocopiada en un lugar seguro la hoja del pasaporte americano que contiene todos los datos de su titular. Asà ­ se puede saber el importantà ­simo dato que es el nà ºmero del pasaporte para denunciar su robo o pà ©rdida. Tambià ©n lo puede anotar en la hoja que recibe cuando solicità ³ el pasaporte por primera vez o lo renovà ³. Precisamente el objeto de ese papel es anotar el nà ºmero del documento para estos casos de robo o pà ©rdida. Si se trata del pasaporte de un menor, los padres o los guardianes legales son los obligados a denunciar el robo o la pà ©rdida del documento del nià ±o y estas son las reglas sobre cuà ¡ndo se requiere su presencia para solicitar o renovar el pasaporte. Finalmente, una  de las consecuencias de no pagar pensià ³n de alimentos (child support) es la posibilidad muy real de ver cà ³mo se cancela el pasaporte y/o no es posible obtener uno.  Esto sucede cuando se deben mà ¡s de $2,500.   En estos casos para recuperarlo o poderlo obtener por primera vez es necesario pagar la deuda. Ademà ¡s, desde esa fecha se necesitan entre 2 y 3 semanas hasta que se puede procesar la solicitud del pasaporte. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.